A California-based background screening company has recently learned this the hard way. The firm has found itself on the hook for providing inaccurate background information. The company received background records from a third-party vendor and didn’t take steps to confirm their accuracy. How would something like this affect your business? Could you recover if you are faced with fines running into the millions of dollars?

The need for background and drug screening is higher than ever. Employers need to provide a safe workplace, and screenings help with that.

Choosing a credible background screening provider should involve more than a quick glance at Google. There are companies out there that don’t see anything wrong with cutting corners. When working with compliance issues, there is no corner-cutting. Blueline Services provides thoroughly researched and vetted reports that are relevant, up to date, and most importantly, credible. Our platform will give you accurate, easily navigable reports to ensure you stay within compliance.

The post Why Having a Credible Screening Provider Matters appeared first on Blueline.

Addiction recovery centers are also going to be set up for free, using tax revenues from marijuana sales as funding.

Drug policies were changed in New Jersey and Arizona to allow the legalization of recreational marijuana. Mississippi voted to allow the use of medical marijuana. There was also a major change in Washington, D.C., where a measure was passed decriminalizing the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms.

There are definite concerns within the drug testing industry about how these changes are going to impact the ability to continue workplace drug testing. Continuing drug testing is imperative, though the idea of just testing for marijuana and/or alcohol is becoming outdated. Continue testing for them, but going forward, a full panel of drugs may be a more effective manner of testing.

While each state is creating its own rules and regulations regarding drug testing and collection processes, one thing is still going to be vital. Companies are still going to be liable for safety-sensitive positions that may cause accidents. Testing within these groups is ultimately going to keep both employees and the public safer.

As Oregon legalizes most drugs, more states are legalizing and lessening restrictions on drugs, the testing industry is going to go through changes. We are here to help our clients navigate these new waters and keep you up to date on any new regulations and changes coming your way.

The post Oregon Legalizes Most Drugs appeared first on Blueline.

The drug testing world is constantly changing and evolving in today’s world—which means that your drug testing policy should also be updating regularly.

Having a clear drug testing policy helps protect your company and your employees. It provides clear guidance that can help you sidestep any confusing loopholes or accidents that might open up from an unclear or outdated policy.

Just as drug and alcohol testing policies are continually evolving and changing to reflect new state laws, federal regulations, or workplace attitudes. A regular review of your company’s current policy and procedures will help ensure that your company is on track to meet its goals and be legally compliant.

So what are some things you should look at or consider when drafting or updating your drug testing policy? Here are few suggestions:

MEDICAL MARIJUANA HASN’T BEEN DISCUSSED

Although an employer is generally allowed to create their own drug testing policy including the right to a drug-free workplace, with changing laws surrounding both medical and recreational marijuana there may be some nuances you should be familiar with. Check out our article talking about testing for marijuana in the workplace today here and consult with your legal team about what guidelines you should follow.

NO PROCESS IS IN PLACE TO MONITOR INDUSTRY STANDARDS OR CHANGES

After spending so much time and consideration building your drug testing policy, you won’t need to review or update it for several years, right? Wrong! Most drug testing companies advise that you should review your policy at least once a year. Laws are ever-changing and this includes background screening and drug testing laws. Make sure that your policy is up-to-date with your specific state and industry’s standards.

YOU HAVEN’T RECENTLY ASSESSED YOUR TESTING TYPE OR PANEL

We find that employers sometimes need to change their testing type or panel to best reflect changes within their company or improve their testing process. It’s a learning game and there isn’t necessarily a testing type or panel that is “best”; it depends on what options are most beneficial for your company.

Some examples of cause for change include:

-With the opioid epidemic, many employers have now updated their testing panel to include semi-synthetic opioids (hydrocodone, oxycodone, etc.) or other prescription medications.

-Some employers decide to change testing types to allow on-site testing which can help cut down on time spent for an employee to take a test.

-Other employers have had issues arise with certain drugs they hadn’t previously included in their testing panel which they then added. Or they’ve had a workplace accident occur due to drug use that has prompted them to add things to their testing program such as: reasonable suspicion training for their supervisors and post-accident testing.

At the beginning of every new year we would advise you to take some time reviewing your company’s current drug testing policy. If you have any questions about how adding or changing your current services could potentially benefit your company, please give us a call at the number above or reach out to our support team at mail@blueline-services.com.

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But where does this leave employers? And where does the National Safety Council stand on marijuana use for employees?

The NSC released their current position on marijuana use with their most recent announcement, “At this time, NSC believes there is no level of cannabis use that is safe or acceptable for employees who work in safety sensitive positions.”

The National Safety Council has been a workplace safety advocate for more than 100 years, helping provide guidance for employers.

When asked what had influenced their position against marijuana use, they referenced a recent National Institute on Drug Abuse report that compared employees who tested negative for marijuana against employees who tested positive for marijuana. The report’s results found that employees who tested positive for the drug are:

-55% more likely to have industrial accidents
-85% more likely to be injured
-75% more likely to have absenteeism

In an October 2019 press release, Lorraine M. Martin, president and CEO of NSC, said, “Research clearly shows that cannabis impacts a person’s psychomotor skills and cognitive ability. In order to protect our employees and those around them, we need to acknowledge the impairing effects of cannabis. We urge employers to implement policies stating no amount of cannabis consumption is acceptable for those who work in safety-sensitive positions.”

Both the NSC and the Occupational and Environmental Medical Group have urged Congress to take worker safety into account when considering marijuana legalization. But things are still in flux, which is why the NSC’s position is so profound. It may help provide employers with some clarity and direction in the constantly changing world of marijuana legalization.

The post National Safety Council’s Position on Marijuana in the Workplace appeared first on Blueline.

To see more detailed information on the difference between CBD and THC as well as current state legislation on CBD levels, check out our previous blog post that covers that here.

CBD or cannabidiol is one of around 400 compounds found in cannabis. And while CBD is a cannabinoid and shares some structural similarities with THC, it does not product a “high” like the THC portion of the plant does.

Because CBD does not create a high, it is perceived as less harmful. Many different products have emerged that contain CBD to help users benefit from its therapeutic and medical properties, such as:

-Oil (most popular)
-Beauty and health products
-Vapors
-Infused edibles (gummies, chocolates, etc.)

However, despite CBD being less harmful, it may still cause adverse reactions in some people. Reported side effects from human and/or animal studies have included:

-Fatigue/drowsiness
-Changes in appetite
-Decreased blood pressure
-Anxiety
-Possible endocrine disruption
-Altered immune function
-Dizziness
-Psychomotor slowing
-Diarrhea

Will CBD affect my drug test results?

Maybe. CBD itself would not show up positive on a drug test for marijuana or marijuana metabolite. However, in some states, CBD can contain up to 5% THC. If the CBD product contained THC at a sufficiently high concentration, there is a possibility that it could result in a positive urine drug test result.

It is also important to remember that the use of CBD or “medical marijuana” is still not considered an alternative medical explanation for a positive test result in federally-mandated drug tests. CBD is still classified as a Schedule I substance and remains illegal at the federal level.

As an employer it’s more important than ever to stay up-to-date in the always-changing landscape of marijuana, and most importantly, to make sure that your drug testing policies stay updated as well.

Please make sure that your company’s substance abuse policy is updated to clearly reflect your position on marijuana and the use of CBD products within your workplace.

The post CBD and Drug Testing appeared first on Blueline.

Here are a couple frequently asked questions we receive about hair testing and their answers.

What is hair testing?

Hair testing is a drug screening method that uses hair instead of urine or saliva to screen for presence of drug abuse. Hair testing is the only drug testing method that provides up to a 90-day history, allowing testers to screen for repetitive drug use. When compared with urine testing, hair testing tends to provide a greater number of positives due to its longer detection window. Hair testing requires a small sample of hair that is collected under direct supervision without any invasion of privacy. 

What drugs can Blueline Services test for with hair?

Blueline Services’s 5-panel hair test can detect cocaine, marijuana, opiates (codeine, morphine & 6-acetylmorphine,), amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA), and phencyclidine (PCP). Blueline Services’s Extended Opiates panel adds oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone

How effective is hair testing in detecting drug users?

Labs regularly report finding five times as many users compared to laboratory based urine testing programs.

What time period does hair testing cover? 

The typical length of head hair tested is 1½ inches from the root end. Since the average growth rate of human head hair is approximately ½ inch (1.3 cm) per month a hair analysis covers an approximate 90-day time frame. This time frame is an approximation only since an individual’s actual hair growth rate may vary from the average.

Does body hair give the same type of results as head hair? 

Body hair can be used for testing. However, while body hair is generally acknowledged as representing a more distant time frame than head hair, the approximate time period cannot be identified due to the high variability of growth rates.

How soon after use can a drug be detected in hair? 

It takes approximately 5-10 days from the time of drug use for the hair containing drug to grow above the scalp where it can be collected. 

What is the turnaround time? 

Hair testing results can usually be returned within 2-3 business days.

Does the laboratory wash the hair prior to analysis? 

All hair specimens are washed prior to confirmation testing to remove possible external contamination.

Can external exposure to drugs (marijuana smoke, crack smoke, etc.) have an effect on the hair test results? 

Along with a wash procedure, Laboratories looks for both the parent drug and metabolite (by-product) of drug usage (where appropriate). For marijuana analysis, Labs detects only the metabolite (THC-COOH). This metabolite is only produced by the body and cannot be an environmental contaminant.

Can a hair test be beaten/adulterated? 

Currently there are no known successful commercial adulterants for hair tests and the recommended use of normal hair care products/procedures (shampoos, dyes, permanents, relaxers, bleaches) do not have a significant effect on results.

Do you pull the hair out of the scalp to examine the follicle? 

No. Testing a hair follicle would require a painful collection process. Hair testing requires the smallest sample in the industry, snipping above the scalp. No hair is “pulled” out of the scalp, and the hair follicle is not disturbed. Sample collection is a completely painless, quick procedure

How does hair analysis compare to urinalysis?

The primary difference is the wider window of detection with hair. Cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, and PCP are rapidly excreted and usually undetectable in urine 72 hours after use. Rather than the hours or days covered by a body fluid test, a hair test covers a period of months, ensuring that a drug user cannot evade the test by simply abstaining for a few days. Additional advantages include non-intrusive collection procedures, virtual elimination of test evasion through substitution or adulteration, and greater accuracy through test repetition capability. The combination of an increased window of detection and resistance to evasion makes hair testing far more effective than urinalysis in correctly identifying drug users.

How sensitive is hair testing in detecting drug users?

Comparison studies have proven that hair testing is up to 6-10 times more effective in identifying drug users than urinalysis. In other words, 85% of the drug users identified by a hair test could get through a urine screen and enter the workforce.

Can hair drug tests be run on people with little or no hair?

Yes. Hair can be collected from several locations on the head and combined to obtain the required amount of hair. If head hair is not available, certain body hair can be used as an alternative.

Can hair testing be used for the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) testing?

No, the U.S. Department of Transportation has not approved hair testing at this time.

The post Hair Testing FAQs appeared first on Blueline.

What is the new Clearinghouse?

The Clearinghouse will improve highway safety by helping employers, FMCSA, State Driver Licensing Agencies, and State law enforcement to quickly and efficiently identify drivers who are not legally permitted to operate commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) due to drug and alcohol program violations. This secure online database will provide access to real-time information, ensuring that drivers committing these violations complete the necessary steps before getting back behind the wheel, or performing any other safety-sensitive function.

Who will the Clearinghouse affect?

It will affect “all CDL drivers who operate CMVs on public roads, and employers/service agents.”
This includes, but is not limited to:
-Interstate/intrastate motor carriers, includes passenger carriers
-School bus drivers
-Construction equipment operators
-Limousine drivers
-Municipal vehicle drivers (e.g., waste management vehicles)
-Federal and state agencies that employ drivers subject to FMCSA drug and alcohol use testing regulations (e.g., Department of Defense, public transit)

What will be reported to the Clearinghouse?

-A verified positive, adulterated, or substituted controlled substance test
-Refusal to test (includes failure to appear)
-A verified positive alcohol test above .04
-DUI citation in a CMV
-DUI conviction in a CMV
-Actual knowledge of illicit alcohol or dug use (382.107)
-Negative return-to-duty
-Completion of follow-up

What should I do to get started with the Clearinghouse?

To get the process started, here are the steps that we suggest you implement right away:

1. Register your company at clearinghouse.fmcsa.dot.gov
   1. If you have a USDOT number, the clearinghouse will pull your company information from other relevant systems. Make sure to double check the accuracy of the information pulled.
   2. Assign others in your company to be assistants to help you manage the information provided through the clearinghouse.
2. Assign Blueline Services as your C/TPA (Consortium/Third Party Administrator).
3. Pre-purchase enough queries to cover your current DOT regulated employees.
   1. Queries never expire and additional can be purchased as needed.
4. Get your drivers to register at clearinghouse.fmcsa.dot.gov right away!
   1. A driver must register and give consent for his/her information to be accessible.  If they want to maintain a CDL, they HAVE to register on the clearinghouse site.  
   2. Drivers can monitor their information and dispute reported information directly on the site.

All employers with FMCSA regulated employees must register and use the clearinghouse. If drivers do not register, the consent will be sent by regular mail to the address on their CDL. This will delay employment and potential opportunities for drivers, so is in their best interest to register online.  Employers must query all new drivers before hire and all current drivers must be queried annually. The Clearinghouse is not yet integrated with other screening vendors/platforms, which means the queries need to be performed directly on the clearinghouse site. For the first three years (DOT requires a 3 year employment verification), Blueline can still provide the required employment verifications while the database catches up (year by year) to the requirement.  

We know change can cause heartburn, but this update is one that will be good for employers and overall industry safety. We encourage you to check out the excellent resources on the FAQ and Leaning Center pages of the clearinghouse website https://clearinghouse.fmcsa.dot.gov/ . 

Thank you for your continued business, please reach out to us with any questions or implementation issues.  

Blueline Drug Testing Department
801-575-8378
mail@blueline-services.com

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1. Register your company at clearinghouse.fmcsa.dot.gov
   1. If you have a USDOT number, the clearinghouse will pull your company information from other relevant systems. Make sure to double check the accuracy of the information pulled.
   2. Assign others in your company to be assistants to help you manage the information provided through the clearinghouse.
2. Assign Blueline Services as your C/TPA (Consortium/Third Party Administrator).
3. Pre-purchase enough queries to cover your current DOT regulated employees.
   1. Queries never expire and additional can be purchased as needed.
4. Get your drivers to register at clearinghouse.fmcsa.dot.gov right away!
   1. A driver must register and give consent for his/her information to be accessible.  If they want to maintain a CDL, they HAVE to register on the clearinghouse site.  
   2. Drivers can monitor their information and dispute reported information directly on the site.

 
All employers with FMCSA regulated employees must register and use the clearinghouse. If drivers do not register, the consent will be sent by regular mail to the address on their CDL. This will delay employment and potential opportunities for drivers, so is in their best interest to register online.  Employers must query all new drivers before hire and all current drivers must be queried annually. The Clearinghouse is not yet integrated with other screening vendors/platforms, which means the queries need to be performed directly on the clearinghouse site. For the first three years (DOT requires a 3 year employment verification), Blueline can still provide the required employment verifications while the database catches up (year by year) to the requirement.  
 
We know change can cause heartburn, but this update is one that will be good for employers and overall industry safety. We encourage you to check out the excellent resources on the FAQ and Learning Center pages of the clearinghouse website https://clearinghouse.fmcsa.dot.gov/ . 
 
Thank you for your continued business, please reach out to us with any questions or implementation issues.  
 
Blueline Drug Testing Department
801-575-8378
mail@blueline-services.com 

The post Clearinghouse Information appeared first on Blueline.

These guidelines will allow federal executive branch agencies to collect and test oral fluid specimen as a part of their drug testing programs.

The OFMG will be effective starting January 1st 2020. However, federal agencies will not be able to conduct oral fluid drug testing of federal employees until HHS has approved laboratories for oral fluid drug testing in accordance with the OFMG.

These guidelines may also be used by agencies such as the Department of Transportation (DOT) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as part of their regulated drug testing programs, but these agencies must engage in separate rule-making activities.

This is the first time since 1986 that a specimen other than urine will be able to be used in the federal agency testing programs.

Some important things to take note of with these new changes:

-The specimen collection, laboratory analysis, and medical review of oral fluid tests will mirror existing procedures and processes currently in place for urine drug testing.
-Laboratories must be approved by the HHS National Laboratory Certification Program for oral fluid drug testing. Requirements for approval will largely mirror those currently in place for urine drug testing laboratories.
-The oral fluid specimen collections must be observed, use an FDA-cleared specimen collection device, and will require split specimen procedures using 2 separate devices.
-Federal agencies will be allowed to use oral fluid testing for all of the same testing reasons as currently authorized for urine drug testing and will not be required to choose between using only urine or oral fluid.
-An approved federal custody and control form (CCF) will be used to document the oral fluid collection and establish chain of custody of the specimen.
-The drug testing panel will test for the same drugs as the federal panel for urine drug testing. Cut-off levels specific to oral fluid are included in the OFMG.
-The OFMG contains provisions for when an individual cannot provide adequate volume oral specimen or urine specimen.
-The OFMG only refers to and permits lab-based oral fluid drug testing, not instant or POCT oral fluid testing.

It has taken many years from the first time SAMHSA publicly recognized the valuable attributes of lab-based oral fluid testing until now—announcing the proposed regulations. The agency has said that their hopes with releasing oral fluid testing options will be to help reduce time and money needed in order to maintain a drug testing program, and help eliminate the ever-growing issue of drug test cheating.

To see further details on these latest updates, you can view the guideline announcement here.

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Q: What is marijuana?
A: Marijuana is the product of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, containing the psychoactive chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other related compounds. Popular names or bslang for the drug include weed, pot, or cannabis.

Q: How do people use marijuana?
A: Marijuana is typically smoked using rolled paper cigarettes (joints), pipes, water pipes (bongs), and vaporizers. However, the drug is also mixed into edibles and drinks and extracted into oils and waxes.

Q: How does marijuana affect users?
A: Marijuana use impacts the human body both physically and mentally. The “high” from the drug can include distorted senses, impaired judgment, lack of balance and coordination, increased appetite, elevated heart rate, and sometimes anxiety and panic.

Q: How many people use marijuana?
A: Below is the most current data estimating marijuana use.
-The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) reports more than 26 million Americans aged 12 or older, or 9.6% of the total population, were current users of marijuana in 2017.
-The World Drug Report 2019 estimates that there were 188 million global cannabis users in 2017.
-Marijuana comprised the most common substance use disorder, impacting an estimated 4.1 million Americans in 2017, according to the NSDUH.

Q: Can an employer drug test for marijuana?
A: Yes. There are currently no restrictions (other than New York City which is expected to implement restrictions beginning in May 2020) limiting an employer’s ability to drug test for marijuana, although there may be limitations on permissible disciplinary action that an employer may take if an employee is using marijuana in accordance with that state’s marijuana
laws. In general, state medical and recreational use statutes impact only a very small number of employees in most workplaces. Today, more than 97.6% of all non-regulated drug tests include marijuana in their panel (according to Quest Diagnostics).

Q: What is the marijuana positivity rate for workplace drug tests?
A: The latest Quest Diagnostics Drug Testing Index ™ reported that marijuana continues to top the list of the most commonly detected illicit substances across all workforce categories (general U.S. workforce; federally mandated, safety-sensitive workforce; and the combined U.S.
workforce, which includes the prior two populations) and all specimen types (urine, oral fluid, and hair).

Q: How is marijuana classified under Federal law?
A: Under Federal law, marijuana remains classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and is illegal for any purpose. Drugs classified under Schedule I are defined as dangerous with a potential for severe psychological or physical dependence and are considered to have a “high potential for abuse” with “no currently accepted medical value.”

Q: How is marijuana classified under state law?
A: Despite its status under Federal law, states continue to pass legislation regarding permissible uses of marijuana for both medical and recreational purposes. State marijuana laws are inconsistent and constantly changing. Among other things, these state laws can impact company drug testing policies and procedures, workplace drug testing program administration, and how drug test results are reviewed and handled. As of August 2019:
-33 states and Washington, D.C. have medical marijuana laws
-11 states and Washington, D.C. with medical marijuana have also passed recreational use laws
-14 other states have low THC/high cannabidiol (CBD) laws for medical purposes

Q: How can states continue to pass medical and recreational marijuana legislation if marijuana is illegal under Federal law?
A: Even though marijuana is illegal for any purpose under the CSA, the enforcement of the CSA is within the discretion of the federal government. During the Obama administration, federal agencies, including specifically the Department of Justice, de- prioritized marijuana enforcement in states with medical marijuana laws through policy guidance. Congress has also previously passed statutory budget amendments to limit federal agency enforcement initiatives that interfere with state medical marijuana laws.

Q: How do state laws influence marijuana use in the workplace?
A: The extent of employment protections are afforded to employees in states that have passed marijuana legislation varies widely from state to state. Currently, employees protections fall broadly into four general categories:
1. States with no employee protection.
2. States likely providing no employee protections
3. States with explicit employee protections
4. States with unclear employee protections

Q: If an employee tests positive for marijuana/marijuana metabolites on an employment-related drug test, does that mean the employee is ‘impaired?’
A: No, a positive workplace drug test alone does not equate to impairment. While employment policies often prohibit employees from using drugs or being impaired at the worksite or during work hours, there is currently no drug workforce test (excluding alcohol tests measuring blood alcohol concentration) that can inform an employer as to whether an employee is ‘impaired’ based on the concentration (level) of drugs/metabolites present in a donor specimen. Some state laws explicitly address what can and cannot be considered for determining whether an employee is ‘impaired’ by marijuana, but most do not. Proper guidance and training of employees and supervisors to recognize objective, observable behavior and other symptoms related to drug use are critical for making impairment and reasonable suspicion drug testing determinations.
-Note: Only a handful of states have defined impairment due to marijuana use as it relates to operating a motor vehicle and those levels in blood vary. Currently, there is no consensus on what the standard of impairment is for marijuana.

Q: What are some important considerations in a company policy for marijuana?
A: It is imperative that employers maintain clearly written, and consistently applied, workplace drug testing policies that comply with all applicable laws. Drafting and implementing a written workplace drug testing policy should be undertaken only after consultation with an attorney knowledgeable of the applicable laws.

Q: What are some common misperceptions about marijuana?
A: Common misconceptions about marijuana include that the substance is harmless, not addictive, and lacks long-term effects.

Q: Is all marijuana the same?
A: No. Marijuana has various strains and hybrids, with varying THC levels (i.e. potency). It is grown under varying conditions and is sold in nonstandard amounts at marijuana dispensaries. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), today’s THC concentrations in marijuana average close to 15% compared to approximately 4% in the marijuana of the 1980s.

Q: Is medical marijuana safe?
A: While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several synthetic THC and CBD drugs for use in chemo-induced nausea and epilepsy treatments. Marijuana remains illegal at the Federal level and the FDA has not approved it as a safe and effective drug.

Q: What is the standard dose of marijuana used medicinally?
A: There are no standard safety or efficacy requirements for medical marijuana because the “U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved a marketing application for marijuana for any indication.” In those states with medical marijuana statutes, physicians or other authorized providers may provide a “recommendation” of medical marijuana use, but may not legally “prescribe” marijuana. Synthetic THC (e.g., dronabinol capsule) can be prescribed and is dispensed based on recommended dosing guidelines and the physician’s judgment.

Q: Can someone taking cannabidiol (CBD) test positive on a drug test?
A: Maybe. In laboratory testing, CBD itself would not be confused with THC or its metabolites that laboratories typically test for in a workforce drug test. If the CBD product contains THC at a sufficiently high concentration, it is possible, depending on usage patterns, that the use of these products could cause a positive drug test result for marijuana and/or its metabolites. For example, in two states, CBD may contain up to 5% THC. It is important to remember that for federally-mandated drug tests, the use of CBD or “medical marijuana” would not be considered an alternative medical explanation for a positive drug test result.

Q: Can secondhand marijuana smoke render a positive drug test?
A: There are no published, peer-reviewed studies to date that indicate, even with today’s increased concentrations of THC in marijuana, that someone would test positive due to ‘passive’ or ‘incidental’ exposure at events such as parties or concerts.” The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) concurs, reporting that it unlikely that secondhand marijuana smoke could give someone a contact high after examining research that measured factors such as drug potency, hours of exposure, and room ventilation.

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